Saturday, May 23, 2020

The Cold War And A Bipolar System - 1601 Words

Kenneth Waltz, a renowned international relations theorist, believes that the rise of new nuclear powers is not a matter to be regretted. In Waltz s view, a major war would be essentially inconceivable. Thus, he thinks that more may be better, that what has come to be called nuclear proliferation may really be something to be thankful for (Waltz, 1981, p. 30). However, is that fundamental claim actually valid? Would it be as stable as Waltz suggests? Considering Waltz s analysis and the case study of the Cold War, can nuclear proliferation lead to a safer world? On the one hand, yes, as deterrence has so far proven its self as can be seen in the case of the Cold War and a bipolar system. However, with the collapse of the Cold War there has been a unipolar shift which can be seen as dangerous, thus with nuclear proliferation, deterrence theory can still take effect. Another way nuclear proliferation can lead to a safer world is that weaker states are able to use them as a means of sel f defense. However, there is also the case that nuclear proliferation makes the world unsafe as there is actually the risk of a nuclear event taking place. A bipolar system has two predominant states or two great rival alliance blocs (Waltz, 1964, p.887) as the world was during the Cold War and is said to be the one of the safest situations globally by some. This is true because as powers react to one another, as long as they are of relative strength, they will attempt to keep one anotherShow MoreRelatedWorld Events And Trends Can Be Analyzed Through The Three Levels Of Analysis1511 Words   |  7 Pagesanalysis. These three levels being the individual, state and system, these help with understanding and analyzing events through the different factors that drive these events. The individual level helps in understanding how individuals, such as leaders, and their personalities affect the outcomes of conflict (Rourke, 65). State level factors discuss the actions of the state and the causes for its internal policies (Rourke, 78). Also, the system level of analysis, emphasizes the conditions of the worldRead MoreThe, State, And War918 Words   |  4 Pagesto what exactly causes war to happen. International Relations scholars theorize about war in an attempt to explain the causes they think are correlated with war. Political Scientists compiled a non-exhaustive list of the conscious reasons why governments have decided to go to war. The two reasons I found to be related to the Cold War were the following: to preserve or restore a balance of power and to thwart the hegemonic aims of another power. Additionally, to fight small war now against a growingRead MoreComparing Interstates And Intrastate Conflicts During The Cold War And After It1134 Words   |  5 Pages Take Home Essay In this essay, we will explain how the levels of analysis allow us to discern and contrast interstates and intrastate conflicts during the Cold War and after it. In international relations and political sciences, three levels of generalization exist to help us to understand the world and its complex problems. The first one, the individual-level, consists in focusing on people on the world stage: it means that individual-level analysis involves understanding how human make decisionsRead MoreDemocracy : The Cause For International Peace Or For Global War?1718 Words   |  7 PagesRoeder Democracy: The Cause for International Peace or for Global War? In just over 100 years, the world has seen two major global wars along with a cold war. While some argue that the cold war was actually a long period of peaceful relations rather than a period classified as wartime (Gaddis), it is still imperative to see the relationship between the leadership a nation is under, and its engagement in any of these past global wars. Under the explanations provided by several philosophers such asRead MoreChanging World Politics During World War II Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical system superintended and galvanized by anarchy and inherited norms, transformations and variations are inevitable. The origin of such system began with the â€Å"Peace of Westphalia,† marking the termination of the 30 years war, and was the prominent beginning of the modern international system of where in which Nation States are of the highest institution. This was the end of the ‘Holy Roman Empire’ (of that wasn’t holy nor Roman) and the incalculable scores of religious based wars that plaguedRead MoreInternational Orders Emerge After The World War II1407 Words   |  6 Pagesafter the major wars that changed the route of history. Certain years consider key turning points: 1648, 1713, 1815, 1919 and 1945.The outcome of the new power distribution made the leading states have sought to hold onto that power trying to reform basic organizing rules principles and arrangements and to make the new order last. However, the character of order after major wars change because the capacity and mechanisms of states to limit power change. Moreover after the World War II the institutionalRead MoreThe Theoretical Success Of Decolonization783 Words   |  4 Pagesand human rights indicated an incompatibility with European imperialism. The bipolar system of international society determined that decolonization was the best key to ensure the UN new charters and to maintain global sustainability. The decolonization process of Europea n empires attempted to transform the international society by integrating the European and Non-European world but failed in retrospect due to the Cold War politics. Therefore it will be the purpose of this essay to discuss and analyzeRead MoreThe Un At The End Of The Cold War : Opportunity Missed1629 Words   |  7 PagesPart II - The UN at the End of the Cold War: Opportunity Missed The end of the Cold War heightened optimism at the United Nations about the prospect of creating a new international order with the UN at its core. The idea came even prior to that. During the 1980s. The USSR was economically enfeebled and could not afford a new arms race against the West. This led to Gorbachev’s â€Å"new thinking†, which was to reform the basis of the communist economies and gain accommodation with the West. By partiallyRead More Post-Cold War Period Causes of Conflict Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Cold War Period Causes of Conflict The end of the Cold War meant that the ideological conflict of dominance between East (Soviet Union and Eastern Europe) and West (USA and Western Europe) was over. Contrary to the expectations that world would be much safer in the post-Cold War, United States and Soviet Union were faced with new security issues that they did not know how to deal with. The objective of this essay is to show that with all these changes thatRead MoreInternational Politics : International Political System1435 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical system is often described by the field of international relations in terms of the distribution of power within the system or in terms of political polarity. From this, different types of international political systems emerge, ranging from a unipolar system which is characterized by domination by a single nation to a multipolar system which is characterized by influence being held by multiple nations. †¢ Unipolar system A single nation, under a unipolar type of political system, wields most

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Discuss the Representation of Marginalized Groups in to...

Throughout the novel, we see that the characters are divided into certain distinct groups, which represent the major groups in general society. We also see the social divide between these groups, and while some groups are well represented in society, others are marginalised (i.e. they have barley or no social standing in society). The first example of these groups is the Ewells. The Ewells represent the poor white society in our community. At the start of the novel, our first impression of the Ewells is a negative one. We are described the unhygienic nature of the Ewells when a â€Å"cootie† erupts out of Burris Ewell’s hair. Our impression of the Ewells is worsened when we learn that the Ewell’s only arrive for one day of the school, and†¦show more content†¦Its windows were merely open spaces in the walls, which in the summer were covered with greasy strips of cheese cloth to keep out the varmints that feasted on Maycombs refuse.† This description of the iron and the shape of house make the house seem more like a cabin and it tells us a little bit about the Ewells. Through this example we deduce that the Ewells care very little if not at all about the appearance of their home and its appearance. Lee also adds â€Å"What passed for a fence was bits of tree limbs, broomstic ks and tool shafts, all tipped with rusty hammer heads, shovels, axes and grubbing hoes, held on with pieces of barbed wire.† This description of the raggedy fence makes us think that the fence is built from items you would find in a dump which other people have thrown away. All these descriptions make it obvious that Lee wants us to respond in a very negative manner towards the Ewells and their way of life. I feel that the Ewells represent the dregs of society which were somehow not stripped from existence. But, in contrast to the Ewells, we see the poor black â€Å"settlement†. The cabins owned by the poor blacks were â€Å"neat and snug with pale blue smoke rising from the chimneys and doorways glowing amber from the fries inside. There were delicious smells about: chicken, bacon frying crisp as twilight air. Jem and I

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Child Abuse in the 1950 Free Essays

Child Abuse When you read articles over child abuse and see the damage that has been caused and what has become of child abuse in today’s society the result is sickening. Child abuse has become a more common thing in today’s society. The fact that there are people in this world, who not only abuse but also neglect their children without consequence, because they are not caught, is even worse. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Abuse in the 1950 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thankfully, there are many ways today to help save a child who suffers from child abuse. Child protection in America has been in action since the colonial period; â€Å"The history of child protection in America is divisible into three eras. The first era extends from colonial times to 1875 and may be referred to as the era before organized child protection. The second era spans 1875 to 1962 and witnessed the creating and growth of organized child protection through nongovernmental child protection societies. The year 1962 marks the beginning of the third or modern era: the era of government-sponsored child protective services. †(Myers, 1). Since the 1950s many laws have been implemented in order to protect children and keep them safe in our country. Children have become increasingly safer over the past fifty years, largely because of the effect of Henry Kempe’s article, â€Å"The Battered Child Syndrome† which lead to more informed doctors, better media coverage, and more effective protection and reporting laws. John Caffey was a pediatric radiologist born in 1895. He later became known as the â€Å"father of pediatric radiology† (Girdany, 1978). In 1946, Caffey released an article called â€Å"Multiple Fractures in the Long Bones of Infants Suffering from Chronic Subdural Hematoma† based on long bone fractures in infants. In his study he examined â€Å"6 patients who exhibited 23 fractures and 4 contusions of long bones. †(Caffey) in which he concluded suffered from chronic subdural hematoma. Although he could not prove anything, his observations seemed to be unexplained to say the least, â€Å"There was neither clinical nor roentgen evidence to support the idea that pre-existing systemic or localized skeletal disease weakened the bones and made them unusually vulnerable to trauma. †(Caffey). With that observation he came to the conclusion that â€Å"the long bones were injured and fractured during convulsive seizures. There is little evidence to support such a postulate. In not a single case did fresh fractures appear immediately following the convulsive seizure and complete fractures occurred in patients who only had mild convulsions . . . [To] our knowledge, fractures of convulsive origin in the long bones have never been demonstrated in the common severe convulsive diseases of infancy and childhood such as lead poisoning, meningitis, cerebral neoplasm and hypocalcemic tetancy. †(Caffey) but he still had doubts, because there was little evidence to support such theories. He came to the conclusion that â€Å"the fractures appear to be of traumatic origin but the traumatic episodes and the casual mechanism remain obscure. †(Caffey). Caffey’s work and the article he published hinted at possibility of child abuse in such cases that he treated but could never be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. After the publishing of â€Å"Multiple Fractures in the Long Bones of Infants Suffering from Chronic Subdural Hematoma,† it grasped the attention of many doctors who became interested in the signs of child abuse. In 1962 pediatrician Henry Kempe and his colleagues published the article known as â€Å"The Battered Child Syndrome†. Kempe played leading role in bringing child abuse to national attention during the 1960’s and 1970’s. †(Myers, 455). In Kempe’s work he stated â€Å"the battered-child syndrome is a term used by us to characterize a clinical condition in young children who have received serious physi cal abuse, generally from a parent or foster parent. † (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, and Silver, 143). To collect data to further his research, Kempe and his fellow colleagues â€Å"undertook a nation-wide survey of hospitals which were asked to indicate the incident of this syndrome in a one-year period. (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, and Silver, 143). After the survey he found the results that â€Å"Among 71 hospitals replying, 302 such cases were reported to have occurred; 33 of the children died; and 85 suffered permanent brain injury. † (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, and Silver, 143). To continue his research he also â€Å"surveyed 77 District Attorneys who reported that they had knowledge of 447 cases in a similar one-year period. Of these, 45 died, and 29 suffered permanent brain damage. † (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, and Silver, 143). Once â€Å"The Battered Child Syndrome† was published the public and media became more aware of child abuse and many reforms were implemented. â€Å"Amendments to the Social Security Act were made. In the same year, the federal Children’s Bureau convened two meetings to determine how the Bureau could more effectively help states respond to child abuse. † (Myers, 456). It is said that â€Å"Attendees at the meetings, including Henry Kempe . . . [recommended] state legislation requiring doctors to report suspicions of abuse to police or child welfare. † (Myers, 456). By making these changes and requiring doctors to report suspicions of abuse all states had reporting laws by 1967. In 1962 the Social Security Act was amended which made changes to the child welfare provisions. In the following provision, â€Å"Beginning July 1, 1963, State child welfare plans must provide for coordination their services with the services provided for dependent children. † (Cohen, Ball, 3). Vincent De Francis stated that the 1962 amendments â€Å"for the first time, identified Child Protective Services as part of all public child welfare. †(Myers, 455). Media Coverage brought child abuse to the attention of the general public. To help bring child abuse into the eye of the media and national public, Newsweek article â€Å"When They’re Angry† quoted Kempe; â€Å"One day last November, we had four battered children in our pediatrics ward. Two died in the hospital and one died at home four weeks later. . . [The] battered child syndrome isn’t a reportable disease, but it damn well ought to be. † (Myers, 455). Stating this in Newsweek definitely brought attention to the situation at hand. As the media became more involved and reporting laws were made, more and more cases were reported. By 1974, some 60,000 cases were reported. In 1980, the number exceeded one million. By 1990, reports topped two million, and in 2000, reports hovered around three million. In the early twenty-first century, reports declined but remained high. † (Myers, 456). Although those statistics are high the cases are being reported an d action is being taken in order to protect our children. The increase in public awareness called for stricter laws and protection of children in abusive situations. In today’s society we have Foster care and orphanages to help with the problems that come from abusive situations. In the early days, foster care was viewed as a major advance and as the best solution for many dependent children. † (Myers, 456 ) That being said foster care was a way out for children in abusive situations and acted as a safe haven. â€Å"In the last quarter of the twentieth century, however, some came to view foster care as a problem rather than as a solution . . . [nearly] half a million children are in foster care at any point in time and that too many children get â€Å"stuck† in out-of-home care. † (Myers, 456) With that being said, there are some negative things that come along with the comfort of a foster home; â€Å"children of color . . [are] sadly overrepresented amon g foster children. Yet, despite problems, foster care remains a safe haven for many abused and neglected children. † (Myers, 456) Along with protection of children there were also stricter laws, and the government became more involved in child abuse and protection. â€Å"Due in substantial measure . . . [Congress] assumed a leadership role with passage of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974 (CAPTA). † (Myers, 456). CAPTA acted as a guide line to federal funds throughout the government to â€Å"improve the state response to physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse. CAPTA focused particular attention on improved investigation and reporting. † (Myers, 456). By creating CAPTA it allowed people to become more familiar with investigation and reporting’s of child abuse throughout the nation. â€Å"In addition, CAPTA provided funds for training, for regional multidisciplinary centers focused on child abuse and neglect, and for demonstration projects. † (Myers, 456). With the creation of CAPTA responsibility for administering was placed in a new agency known as the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. The center funded important research on maltreatment. † (Myers, 456). CAPTA has had a major role in shaping todays nationwide system of governmental child protective services. CAPTA marked â€Å"the final passing of privately funded, nongovernmental child protection societies. † (Myers, 457). All of this was able to happen simply because the attention the media brought to the reality of child abuse and that it can h appen to anybody. Laws were implemented in order to better protect children and make reporting of child abuse cases easier. By the late 1970s, government-sponsored child protective services spanned the nation, settling into urban and rural areas alike. †(Myers, 454). Along with sponsored child protective services, since 1974 laws and provisions relating to child abuse have been more frequent. Most importantly, Child protective services and Child Welfare gave opportunities to children who were in abusive situations. To focus more on child protection, â€Å"the 1962 amendments required states to pledge that by July 1, 1975, they would make child welfare services available statewide. (Myers, 455) By making that a law this fueled the expansion of child-welfare services as well as protective services. In 1967, Congress declared that all states were required to have reporting laws, which means that any suspicious child abuse that is happening must be reported. Once reporting laws w ere in effect, â€Å"the prevalence of child abuse and neglect came into focus. †(Myers, 456). By demanding reporting laws it really opened up people’s eyes when it came to child abuse and neglect and how it can affect a child. Beginning in 1974, legislation has been passed to help fund child welfare and protection. By doing that the nation can depend on the system and believe that it isn’t going anywhere. Since it is now funded by the government, it can help a child in a situation such as neglect have a positive outlook, and the child can be taken care of in the best way possible. In October of 1984, congress created the Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 with a â€Å"purpose to extend and improve provisions of laws relating to child abuse and neglect and adoption†(Childrens Bureau, 21). This amendment â€Å"required states to have in place procedures with State protective systems to respond to the reporting of medical neglect, including instances of withholding medically indicated treatment from disabled infants with life threatening conditions. †(Children’s Bureau, 21). With this amendment in act, any faulty observations made must be reported when the child’s health and neglect comes into question. This is important because it makes doctors more alert when they examine their patients, especially children. When it comes to a child, abuse is something that cannot be taken lightly. Since the 1950s our government has worked to keep the children of this nation safe. They have implemented many laws and provisions. There are many options children in abusive situations have in order to better their lives. Since the 1950s, our children have become safer because of laws that have been created. Child abuse is not something to be taken lightly, and the government and public alike need to constantly strive to better the lives of children in this country. Work Cited: Child Abuse Caffey, John. (1946): n. page. Web. 6 Nov. 2012. http://www. cbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032844/. Cohen, Wilbur J. , and Robert M. Ball. â€Å"Public Welfare Amendments of 1962 and Proposal for Health Insurance for the Aged. †Ã‚  Social Security. N. p. , n. d. Web. 5 Nov 2012. http://www. ssaonline. us/policy/docs/ssb/v25n10/v25n10p3. pdf. Girdany, Bertram R.. â€Å"John Caffey, 1895-1978. † . American Journal of Roentgenology, n. d. Web. 5 Nov 2012. http://www. ajronline. or g/co Kempe, C. Henry, Frederic N. Silverman, Brandt F. Steele, William Droegemueller, and Henry K. Silver. â€Å"Child Abuse and Neglect.   Child Abuse and Neglect. 9. (1985): 143-154. Web. 6 Nov. 2012. Myers, John E. B. â€Å"Family Law Quarterly. †Ã‚  Family Law Quarterly. 42. 3 (2008): 449-463. Web. 4 Nov. 2012. http://www. americanbar. org/content/dam/aba/publishing/insights_law_society/ChildProtectionHistory. authcheckdam. pdf. United States. Childrens Bureau. Major Federal Legislation Concerned With Child Protection, Child Welfare, and Adoption. Washington, D. C. : Childrens Bureau/ACYF, 2012. Web. http://www. childwelfare. gov/pubs/otherpubs/majorfedlegis. pdf. How to cite Child Abuse in the 1950, Essay examples

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Evaluation Argument Hills Like White Elephants free essay sample

A white elephant is an idiom for a valuable but burdensome possession, but also it means a rare and sacred creature. In Ernest Hemingway’s short story Hills Like White Elephants, Hemingway uses an unborn child as a white elephant. This short story depicts a couple of an American man and young women at a train station somewhere in Spain. Hemingway tells the story from watching the couple from across the bar and listening to their troublesome conversation. Through overhearing the couple’s conversation Hemingway uses dialogue to explain the couple’s decision of an abortion operation. Hills Like White Elephants is a great example of Hemingway’s rare use of dialogue. Hemingway compresses dialogue in his stories by removing authorial guidance, forcing readers to interpret for themselves shades of meaning (Del Gizzo, Moddelmog 175). In the short story Hemingway also uses the setting to help the reader understand what the man and woman are feeling and thinking as they await their train. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation Argument Hills Like White Elephants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By providing details of the hills, bar, and landscape the reader can better understand the emotions and situation the couple are experiencing. The way that Hemingway creates the characters is a very interesting way because he lets the reader make their own opinions about the characters through their actions and words. In Hills Like White Elephants Hemingway uses compressed dialogue to let the reader interpret the story themselves while also using the setting and characters to help show the situation that the story portrays. The dialogue Hemingway uses in Hills Like White Elephants is a unique style. The story uses a lot of repetition and the story is nearly all dialogue between the couple. Hemingway is known to do this in his works which allows the reader to interpret the story in a way that they see it. The couple is constantly talking in short repetitive remarks sharing their opinion on the operation the woman is deciding to have. The story repeats the term or variations of the word â€Å"afterward† many times because the reason for the operation is so that the couple will be fine or happy after the operation is over. Also, the phrase â€Å"white elephant† is repeated several times which reminds the reader that the two individuals view white elephant of different meanings. White elephant can be used to describe something as a rare and sacred creature or a possession that is valuable but burdensome. As Hemingway likes to force his readers to make their own interpretations, white elephant can be interpreted many ways. The unborn baby can be thought to be the white elephant and the man seems to view it as a burden while the woman thinks of it as a sacred creature. The man’s dialogue portrays it is a burden because he says that the baby is the only thing that bothers them, and he also says that they can have everything if the woman has the operation. The woman’s dialogue seems to reveal that disagrees with the man’s decision because in the last line of the story she says that she is fine and nothing is wrong with her. Some suggest that the man himself is the white elephant (Link 68). People may think the man is the white elephant because the woman is willing to have this operation to keep him happy but at the same time he is willing to get rid of their unborn child. This different idea of who could be the white elephant and how each character feels about the operation is a distinct example of how Hemingway’s dialogue use forces the reader to use their imagination and own thoughts to interpret his writings. Hemingway uses dialogue through the characters to portray the setting of Hills Like White Elephants. The story mentions several objects and landscapes to help the reader understand the story. The hills that look like white elephants to woman have a somewhat clear meaning since the point of the story is the white elephant of the situation. However, things such as the train station, bar, bead curtain, table, trees, river, and others help show the situation the couple are experiencing. The landscape around the station plays a huge role in the setting. On one side it is dry with no tree, no shade, and long white hills; the other side had fields of grain, trees, and a river. At one point in the story the girl walks to the side full of life with the trees and river, but the man tells her to come back and not to think that way. This could mean that she wanted to keep the baby after seeing the beautiful landscape full of life while the man did not want her to think like that. While sitting at the bar the couple orders several drinks in a short period of time which could infer that the man has persuaded the woman to have the operation because if she planned on having the baby she probably would not drink alcohol. Therefore, the drinks have helped set the setting by showing how the couple will probably handle the situation of contemplating whether to have the surgery or not. Settings play a huge role in any story but in Hills Like White Elephants the setting can be interpreted many ways which Hemingway most likely wanted for the reader. Nearly any story has characters which are revealed through direct explanations by the author Hemingway uses several ways of revealing the characters in Hills Like White Elephants. In the story the two in the couple are clearly the main characters but the reader learns about the character through their dialogue and actions. The position of the man and woman on the decision of having the operation are clear but more about the two are revealed throughout the story. While sitting at the bar the woman asks about a sign on the bead curtain, and the man is able to tell her that it is a drink which might signify that the man could be more educated or has more experience in the world. Towards the arrival of the train the woman gives the bartender a smile and shows her gratitude. This shows that the woman is polite and is thankful for the service which helps us understand that she is good hearted and that might be why she does not want to have the operation. In this short story hidden details can be interpreted in many ways, but being able to see them helps reveal characters when the author does not directly introduce them. Hemingway is arguably one of the greatest authors of all time and Hills Like White Elephants shows his ability to combine the genres fiction and drama (Del Gizzo, Moddelmog 175). This short story is an amazing piece of work that has many of Hemingway’s gifted abilities as a writer. Hemingway is able to use a strange form of dialogue to portray a very big decision for a young couple and is able to do it from the point of view of a stranger across the bar. The dialogue Hemingway uses is short and repetitive which lets the reader interpret and make analysis of their own while reading the story. Also, Hemingway’s style of writing depicts a very complicated setting which some say could have several meanings and importance. The setting helps the reader make more assumptions about the story and helps give detail or the situation. Though there are few characters in this story they are revealed through their dialogue and actions which allows the reader to make their own decisions about the characters. Hills Like White Elephants is a short but outstanding work of art thanks to Hemingway’s overall ability to make a simple story have so much meaning.